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<meta property="og:description" content="下面给出一份“从入门到进阶”的 nohup 使用指南。它既适合第一次听说这个命令的新手，也适合需要排查疑难问题的老手。你可以直接复制到博客或笔记中发布，全部原创、无版权问题。 &#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&amp;#x3">
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            <h1 id="seo-header">nohup</h1>
            
            
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                <p>下面给出一份“从入门到进阶”的 nohup 使用指南。它既适合第一次听说这个命令的新手，也适合需要排查疑难问题的老手。你可以直接复制到博客或笔记中发布，全部原创、无版权问题。</p>
<p>&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;<br>nohup 使用详解：让进程真正脱离终端</p>
<p>一、nohup 是什么  </p>
<ol>
<li>名称由来<br>nohup &#x3D; “no hang up”，意为“不要挂断”。早期 Unix 通过调制解调器拨号登录，挂断电话线（hang up）会触发 SIGHUP 信号，导致所有子进程被杀死。nohup 的使命就是屏蔽 SIGHUP，使进程在会话结束后继续运行。  </li>
<li>核心价值<br>• 让耗时任务（备份、训练模型、日志分析）不受 SSH 断开影响<br>• 作为守护进程&#x2F;服务的最简单雏形<br>• 与 &amp;、setsid、disown、tmux&#x2F;screen 等工具对比，nohup 无需额外软件，单条命令即可生效</li>
</ol>
<p>二、基本语法<br>nohup COMMAND [ARG]… [&amp;] [&gt;out.log 2&gt;&amp;1]</p>
<p>三、快速上手 3 步曲  </p>
<ol>
<li>登录服务器<br>ssh user@host  </li>
<li>启动任务<br>nohup python3 long_job.py –epochs 100 &gt;train.log 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;<br>解释：<br>• &amp; 表示后台运行<br>• &gt;train.log 将标准输出重定向到文件<br>• 2&gt;&amp;1 把标准错误也合并进去  </li>
<li>安全退出<br>exit 或 Ctrl-D。任务仍在后台跑，日志持续增长。</li>
</ol>
<p>四、深入理解信号与文件描述符  </p>
<ol>
<li>信号处理<br>nohup 默认屏蔽 SIGHUP，但其他信号（SIGTERM、SIGKILL）依旧可以终止进程。<br>• kill PID      → 发送 SIGTERM，进程可捕获并优雅退出<br>• kill -9 PID   → 发送 SIGKILL，立即杀死，无法捕获  </li>
<li>日志文件<br>• 如果未手动重定向，nohup 会把输出写入“nohup.out”（工作目录可写时）。<br>• 若工作目录不可写，则写入 $HOME&#x2F;nohup.out。<br>• 多任务并发时务必手动指定不同日志文件，防止混叠。  </li>
<li>文件描述符“黑洞”<br>如果既不需要输出也不关心错误，可重定向到 &#x2F;dev&#x2F;null：<br>nohup .&#x2F;heavy_calc &gt; &#x2F;dev&#x2F;null 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;</li>
</ol>
<p>五、进阶用法  </p>
<ol>
<li>与 Shell job control 交互<br>• jobs -l        查看后台任务<br>• fg %1          把任务拉回前台<br>• bg %1          继续暂停的任务<br>• disown -h %1   让 bash 不再追踪该 job（效果类似 nohup 但可后补）  </li>
<li>与 cron 区别<br>cron 定时触发；nohup 手动触发。二者可组合：<br>@reboot nohup &#x2F;opt&#x2F;monitor&#x2F;start.sh &gt;&gt; &#x2F;var&#x2F;log&#x2F;monitor.log 2&gt;&amp;1  </li>
<li>与 setsid 对比<br>setsid 创建新会话，彻底脱离控制终端；nohup 仍留在原会话，只是忽略 SIGHUP。<br>setsid .&#x2F;daemon  </li>
<li>多命令&#x2F;管道<br>使用子 Shell：<br>nohup sh -c ‘cmd1 | cmd2 &amp;&amp; cmd3’ &gt;pipe.log 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;  </li>
<li>环境变量与相对路径<br>在 crontab 或 systemd 中调用 nohup 时，务必写绝对路径或先 cd：<br>0 3 * * * cd &#x2F;data&#x2F;backup &amp;&amp; nohup .&#x2F;backup.sh &gt;backup.log 2&gt;&amp;1</li>
</ol>
<p>六、常见问题排查  </p>
<ol>
<li>进程还是挂了？<br>• 检查是否收到 SIGTERM（运维批量 killall）。<br>• 用 strace&#x2F;truss 跟踪信号：strace -p PID -e signal。  </li>
<li>日志没写入？<br>• 确认文件系统未满（df -h）。<br>• 确认重定向语法（&gt;file 2&gt;&amp;1 顺序不能反）。  </li>
<li>中文&#x2F;彩色日志乱码<br>• 设置 LANG&#x3D;en_US.UTF-8 nohup your_cmd …  </li>
<li>多台机器并行<br>• ansible、fabric、pssh 均可远程执行 nohup：<br>  ansible webservers -m shell -a “nohup &#x2F;opt&#x2F;deploy.sh &gt;deploy.log 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;”</li>
</ol>
<p>七、完整范例<br>需求：训练一个 50 epoch 的 PyTorch 模型，断网后仍能继续，训练完自动关机。  </p>
<h2 id="train-sh"><a href="#train-sh" class="headerlink" title="train.sh  "></a>train.sh  </h2><h2 id="bin-bashcd-data-projectsource-venv-bin-activatepython-train-py-–epochs-50-–save-model-ptsudo-shutdown-h-now"><a href="#bin-bashcd-data-projectsource-venv-bin-activatepython-train-py-–epochs-50-–save-model-ptsudo-shutdown-h-now" class="headerlink" title="#!&#x2F;bin&#x2F;bashcd &#x2F;data&#x2F;projectsource venv&#x2F;bin&#x2F;activatepython train.py –epochs 50 –save model.ptsudo shutdown -h now  "></a>#!&#x2F;bin&#x2F;bash<br>cd &#x2F;data&#x2F;project<br>source venv&#x2F;bin&#x2F;activate<br>python train.py –epochs 50 –save model.pt<br>sudo shutdown -h now  </h2><p>启动：<br>nohup .&#x2F;train.sh &gt;train_full.log 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;  </p>
<p>八、与 systemd 的取舍<br>• 长期服务请优先 systemd：支持自动重启、资源限制、日志轮转。<br>• 临时&#x2F;一次性&#x2F;无 root 权限任务用 nohup 最轻量。  </p>
<p>九、一句话总结<br>nohup 不是“后台运行”，而是“让进程对 SIGHUP 免疫”；配合重定向与 &amp;，它提供了在类 Unix 系统中最朴素的任务守护方案。记住：<br>nohup cmd &gt;log 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;<br>exit  </p>
<p>任务从此与你无关，却又始终在你掌控的日志里。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>kimi-k2</p>
</blockquote>

                
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